Agglomeration bonuses (ABs) are payments conditional on the contiguity of landowners’ conservation areas. It is widely accepted that, by encouraging landowners to cooperate, ABs promote more cost-effective biodiversity conservation than instruments targeting landowners individually. This article challenges this conclusion by studying the impacts of different AB designs, some of which explicitly aim to enhance cooperation while others do not. Specifically, we study whether differentiating the bonuses between internal (within-landholding) and external (between-landholdings) boundaries affects AB cost-effectiveness. Using an economic-ecological model and game theory, our simulations on realistic landscapes show that differentiating the two bonuses (in favor of internal ones) generally increases AB cost-effectiveness. The two bonuses are indeed largely substitutable, with internal outperforming external bonuses. However, when the regulator’s budget is tight, external bonuses can complement internal ones at the margin. The complexity of compensation between plots belonging to different landholdings is a key element in explaining these patterns. Given this complexity, the most cost-effective schemes are characterized by little or no cooperation between landowners. Regarding policy, we conclude that differentiated ABs are cost-effective schemes that should be part of the regulators’ toolbox.
Bioenergies from dedicated crops or wood have faced substantial criticisms due to their significant land requirements. Certain bioenergy pathways, such as biogas generated from crop residues, manure, or food waste, appear to be exempt from this criticism. However, these feedstocks are byproducts of agricultural activities that generate emissions not covered by current climate policies in most countries.
Dans tous les domaines de nos vies et face aux nouvelles fractures (climatiques et écologiques, du travail ou de santé, numériques ?) mais aussi de façon plus philosophique voire politique, et en la reliant à quelques-unes des grandes notions de notre époque, cet ouvrage explore les potentiels et la modernité d’une idée dans toute la force de sa jeunesse : la mutualisation.
Rêver est parfois ce qu’il y a de plus raisonnable. C’est dans cet esprit que 80 de nos concitoyens – femmes et hommes à parité, anonymes comme très connus, de toutes origines et secteurs professionnels – vous proposent ici leur « utopie réaliste ». Ce sont 80 rêves dont tout un chacun peut s’emparer et débattre. 80 rêves, sans mots savants ni naïveté, pour celles et ceux qui veulent bâtir un pays pour demain, solidaire, gagnant et heureux.
