Renewable hydrogen remains costly and its availability is constrained. Only 10% of planned global clean hydrogen capacity for 2030 has identified buyers. This raises the question of which end-use sectors should be prioritised as deployment progresses.The paper examines how learning subsidies, targeted demand-side support and production incentives linked to end-use commitments can improve hydrogen allocation.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) occupy a particular position in European CO2 regulation. Their certified emissions depend on a regulatory Utility Factor, which determines the assumed share of driving performed in electric mode. Evidence from real-world driving has shown that this share was substantially overestimated, leading European regulators to revise the UF from 2025 onward. This reform changes the compliance role of PHEV for car manufacturers facing the EU emission standards. This paper quantifies the market, environmental and welfare consequences of this reform.
The deployment of clean technologies in hard-to-abate sectors is often hindered by high costs and investment risks. Carbon Contracts for Difference (CCfDs) have emerged to mitigate these risks, yet their design raises a central question: should support for competing clean technologies be technology-neutral or technology-specific?
